**Hegelian preliminaries** p. 3 The kind of knowledge-claims (our ideas, our propositions, our sentences ) that we make can be said to match up with the objects that they purport to be about. p. 4 Two forms of skepticism follow: (1) generalized skepticism: whether knowledge claims can or do match up with real things; (2) result of adopting such a view: these knowledge-claims become the intermediaries between the thinking subject and the world. From this arises the problem of self-certification (certainty, that is being certain, infallibility, that is being infallibly known, indefensability, that is being necessary). The theory of such a ground would be a science in the sense of "vetenskap". p. 5 Since each side of these disputes already make assumptions in making knowledge-claims, each of these kinds of theories as Hegel puts it is only a appearance "utseende", a historical phenomenon. p. 5 To look at accounts as appearances is to look at them as formations, gestalts, perspectives of consciousness. p. 6 For Hegel that ground is called essence or absolute essence of the formations of consciousness. What is "given" or "object" is these authoritative grounds. p. 7 self-consciousness is connected to "social space" and the position taken within it. p. 8 a "social space" have "ground-rules" both implicit and explicit which forms the ground for activities within it. p. 12 A reflective form of life takes so and so to be authoritative reasons for belief and action. Those reasoning generate within themselves their own negations. The necessity is therefore not causal but rather in the form of an argumentation. p. 14 come to see that the mandatory nature of some norms come to involves an account in an complex set of reflective and non-reflective social practices "Spirit".